Research investigating the relationships between COVID-19 infection rate and air pollution is starting to appear in the literature (Bontempi 2020a He et al.
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The majority of the confirmed cases were identified in Dhaka which is also the epicenter of this infectious disease, and till now, there have been 12,386 confirmed cases reported with 103 deaths (“Bangladesh Covid-19 Update ( 2020)” 2020).
As of May 22, 2020, according to the Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Bangladesh, reported 28,521 confirmed cases with total death of 408 in the whole country. Because of high population density and high pollution levels have an adverse effect on public health, the residents of Dhaka are highly susceptible to the risk of COVID-19 infection. Most Bangladeshi urban areas, specially its capital Dhaka, are highly exposed to different types of air pollutants, e.g., PM 2.5, PM 10, COx, NOx, SOx, and dust because of uncontrolled urbanization, industrial emissions, high traffic density, and construction activities. Almost 37.4% of its total population lives in urban areas with a high level of air pollution (“Bangladesh-Urban population” 2020). The country has a population of more than 163.7 million with a population density of 1265/km 2 making it one of the most densely populated countries in the world (Worldometers 2017). Like other countries, Bangladesh is also suffering from this global pandemic. As of May 20, 2020, 4,900,255 confirmed cases in over 200 countries/regions and 323,341 deaths were reported worldwide (University 2020). On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the COVID-19 as a public health emergency because the number of cases drastically increased outside of China (WHO 2020). The typical clinical symptoms include fever, dry cough, myalgia, and pneumonia which may cause progressive respiratory failure due to alveolar damage and may eventually lead to death (Huang et al. It was named COVID-19, a new virus of the group of coronavirus, which is also known as severe acute respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (Gorbalenya et al. In December 2019, the first reported cases of a new infectious disease were found in Wuhan, China (Guan et al. Future studies will have more variables including ecological, meteorological, and economical to model and understand the spread of COVID-19. Relevant agencies can utilize these findings to formulate new and smart strategies for reducing infectious diseases like COVID-19 in Dhaka and in similar urban cities around the world. Significant robust relationships between these factors were found in the middle and southern parts of the city where the reported COVID-19 infection case was also higher. Social parameters like population density ( p < 0.01), brickfield density ( p < 0.02), and poverty level ( p < 0.01) showed high coefficients as the key independent variables to COVID-19 infection rate. This study revealed that air pollution parameters like PM 2.5 ( p < 0.02), AOT ( p < 0.01), CO ( p < 0.05), water vapor ( p < 0.01), and O 3 ( p < 0.01) were highly correlated with COVID-19 infection rate while geo-meteorological parameters like DEM ( p < 0.01), wind pressure ( p < 0.01), LST ( p < 0.04), rainfall ( p < 0.01), and wind speed ( p < 0.03) were also similarly associated. The relationship was analyzed using Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) model and Geographic Information System (GIS) by means of COVID-19 infection rate as a dependent variable and 17 independent variables. This study aims to understand the spatial relationships between COVID-19 infection rate and key variables of air pollution, geo-meteorological, and social parameters in Dhaka, Bangladesh. In order to effectively prepare a localized plan for infectious disease management, it is important to find the relationship between COVID-19 infection rate and other key variables. Like all infectious diseases, the infection rate of COVID-19 is dependent on many variables.
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